ENG502 LESSON-21 GRAMMAR II FINAL TERM NOTES BY VUHELPERS24

ENG502 LESSON-21 GRAMMAR II FINAL TERM NOTES BY VUHELPERS24

ENG502 LESSON-21 

Topic: The Prescriptive Approach (117)

Q1: What is the distinction between adopting grammatical labels and claiming that sentence structures should mimic those of another language?

A1: Adopting grammatical labels categorizes words, while claiming that sentence structures should mimic another language's structure, like Latin, is a separate approach.

Q2: What is the prescriptive approach to grammar?

A2: The prescriptive approach views grammar as a set of rules for the "proper" use of a language, often setting guidelines for correct sentence construction.

Q3: Give an example of a rule from the prescriptive approach regarding infinitives.

A3: "You must not split an infinitive."

Q4: How should the pronoun case be used after comparatives in proper English?

A4: The pronoun should be in the nominative case, as in "Mary runs faster than I."

Topic: The Descriptive Approach (118)

Q1: How does the descriptive approach differ from the prescriptive approach?

A1: The descriptive approach focuses on describing the regular structures of a language based on how native speakers use it, while the prescriptive approach sets rules for "proper" language use.

Q2: According to a descriptive grammarian, when is a sentence considered "grammatical"?

A2: A sentence is considered "grammatical" if a native speaker of the language would produce that sentence in speech.

Topic: Structural Analysis (119)

Q1: What is the main concern of structural analysis in linguistics?

A1: Structural analysis investigates the distribution of forms in a language to determine grammatical categories and regular structures.

Q2: How does structural analysis use test frames to describe language?

A2: Test-frames are sentences with empty slots used to identify forms that fit the same grammatical category, helping describe sentence structures.

Q3: How did the understanding of pronouns change through structural analysis?

A3: Structural analysis revealed that pronouns are used in place of noun phrases, not just nouns, which is a more accurate description.

Topic: Constituent Analysis (120)

Q1: What is the goal of constituent analysis?

A1: Constituent analysis aims to show how smaller components in sentences combine to form larger constituents.

Q2: Describe how words go together to form phrases in constituent analysis.

A2: Words combine to form phrases, such as "an old man" or "the wedding," which are basic constituents at the phrase level.

Topic: Labeled and Bracketed Sentences (121)

Q1: How are constituents in sentence structure marked using labeled brackets?

A1: Labeled brackets are used to mark off constituents at different levels of sentence structure, including words, phrases, and sentences.

Q2: How can labeled and bracketed sentences help us understand sentence constituents?

A2: They provide a visual representation and labels for each constituent, aiding in understanding the structure of English sentences.

Topic: A Gaelic Sentence (122)

Q1: What is the structural difference between a Gaelic sentence and an English sentence?

A1: A Gaelic sentence follows the structure V NP NP, while an English sentence follows NP V NP.

Q2: How can the difference in language structures explain certain errors in language learners?

A2: The difference in language structures can shed light on errors made by learners, such as producing phrases like "*the book good" in English by Spanish learners.